Comparing three spatial modeling tools for assessing urban ecosystem services

The (re)integration of nature into cities has been a progressively promoted strategy to foster sustainable urbanization. To quantify the ecosystem services (ES) provided by urban nature, spatially explicit ES modeling is key method. However, particularly in absence independent validation data, there clear need for multi-model assessments order better understand uncertainties model outcomes. Here we applied three commonly used open-source models (i.e., InVEST, LUCI, NC-Model) local temperature regulation, flood protection and global climate regulation) using city Hague (The Netherlands) as case study. We quantified current situation under two hypothetical scenarios representing changes amount vegetation within city. found mostly positive correlations between estimates given (Spearman’s ρ from 0.11 0.84). Yet, our comparison also revealed systematic differences indicator values models, well different responses scenarios. These may stem structure biophysical processes accounted for) parameterization value process). further advance modeling, recommend i) improve representation (e.g., green roofs, bioswales, gardens) urban-specific conditions drainage systems, building patterns, soil characteristics) ii) systematically account uncertainty (urban) through assessments).